See also: Related OurFood News
Subsections
Fibre and fish reduces the risk of Colon cancer, while red and processed meats, alcohol and low physical activity increases that risk [1]
WHO presents a summary of the results of the EPIC Project:
Colon Cancer The results of the study, together with the PLCO cohort of the NIH-NCI study, support that a diet high in fibre reduces colorectal cancer risk. The EPIC also found that consumption of red and processed meat increases colorectal cancer risk while intake of fish decreases risk. The combination of these four dietary factors (i.e. fibre, fish, red and processed meats) plays a major role in colorectal cancer aetiology in addition to alcohol intake, obesity and low physical activity.
Breath cancer Obesity and the consumption of fruit and vegetables is not associated with breath cancer risk. We found that is not associated with breast cancer risk.
Prostate cancer Prostate cancer risk is not related to fruit and vegetable consumption.
Genetic factors The group has initiated large investigations of the role of polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and growth factors that have a role in the aetiology of breast and prostate cancers in combination with lifestyle and metabolic factors.
Heart disease A higher intake of fruits and vegetables was found by the EIPC study to be linked to a lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), however, the study could not find out whether this association is causal. Also remains unclear how fruits and vegetable act to reduce heart disease risks. [2]
Red meat may increase risk of aggressive prostate cancer
Witte et al.2011 write that increased consumption of ground beef or processed meat is positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer, whereas red meat that was grilled or well done barbeque is especially aggressive.[3]
High levels of well or very well cooked ground beef were found in this study to double the risk of aggressive prostate cancer and low consumption raised the risk to 1.5 compared to men who ate none. However, consumption of rare or medium cooked ground beef was not linked to prostate cancer. The authors suggest that meat mutagens Dimethylimidazo-[4,5-f]Quinoaxine(MelQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)qunioxaline(DiMelQx), formed during cooking meat at high temperatures. Carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCA). HCA and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are formed in red meat at high temperatures, especially when fat and juice is burned at open fire.
Changing to Western diets high in red meat may increase risk of colon cancer of Asian population [4]
Asian populations have changed from traditional to Westernized diets high in red meat. In a study of Sotos Prieto et al 2011 higher consumption of red meat was significantly associated with a higher risk of proximal colon cancer among women and for distal colon cancer among men. The authors, however, found that processed meat did not cause colon or rectal cancer.
Sotos et al 2011 found that in the Spanish Mediterranean elderly population red meat consumption of 7.4 ± 4.7 times/week is too high, being higher in men than in women. It was associated with obesity and cardiovascular risk (CVR). Fish consumption of 4.5 ± 2.6 time/week is high and should be maintained at this level because it reduces the prevalence of diabetes.
A study by Lajous et al 2011 also found that high intake of processed meat, ≥5 servings/week (median, 48 g/day), was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes, compared with low intake of less than 1 serving/week (median, 5 g/day) of processed meat. Unprocessed red meat was not associated with diabetes.
Iron of red meat increase cancer risk [7]
Ward et al 2011 report that high intakes of heme and iron from meat increase the risk of esophageal and stomach cancer, these findings are associations with red meat. Iron intake from all other dietary sources were found not associated with risk of either cancer. The authors explains that heme iron can catalyse endogenous formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. Hebels et al 2011 report that their study found that faecal water genotoxicity significantly increased in response to red meat intake.
Transcriptomic analyses revealed that activity of genes of biologic genotoxic pathway significantly correlated with the increase in fecal water resulting from red meat intake. This included modifications in DNA damage repair, cell cycle, and apoptosis pathways.
Moreover, WNT signaling and nucleosome remodeling pathways were modulated, indicating human colorectal cancer development. The WNT signaling pathway is a network of proteins best known for their roles in embryogenesis and cancer, but also involved in normal physiological processes in adult animals. Riboldi et al 2005 found that colorectal cancer risk increases with the intake of read meat and processed meat. However, the risk decreased intake of fish. Poultry was found not to influence risk of colorectal cancer. For subjects aged 50 years the risk is 1.71% for high of more than 160 g/d of processed meat intake, and 1.28% for less than 20 g/day of intake. For fish intake less than 10 g/d the risk is 1.86% and 1.28% for subjects with more than 80g/d of fish intake.
A study of Kolahdooz and colleagues 2010 suggests that that low consumption of processed meat and higher consumption of poultry and fish are associated with reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
Red meat and processed meat increases pancreatic cancer risk [10]
Larsson and Wolk 2012 conducted a meta-analysis of 11 prospective studies with 6643 pancreatic cancer cases. The authors found that consumption of red meat was associated with an increase in pancreatic cancer risk in men (RR=1.29), but not in women (RR=0.93) and 120g red meat per day was associated with an overall relative risk (RR=1.13), 50g per day increase in processed meat consumption was (RR=1.19).
The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research [11]
The 2007 report of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research presented convincing evidence that red meats and processed meats are a cause of colorectal cancer. There is limited evidence suggesting that red meat is a cause of cancers of the oesophagus, lung, pancreas and endometrium. Cantonese-style salted fish is a probable cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. There is also limited evidence that animal foods that are grilled (broiled), barbecued (charbroiled), or smoked, are a cause of stomach cancer.
The report uses the term "red meat" to refer to beef, pork, lamb, and goat from domesticated animals, and the term "processed meat" to refer to meats preserved by smoking, curing, or salting, or addition of chemical preservatives.
High intake of red and processed meat associated with colorectal, colon and rectal cancer [12]
Ten recent prospective studies were assessed by Chan et al. 2011. They concluded that high intake of red and processed meat increases significantly the risk of colorectal, colon and rectal cancers, and suggest to limit these foods in dietary recommendation. Of cancer prevention.
Overall, the relative risk (RR) of colorectal cancer for the highest versus the lowest intake was 1.22 and the RR for every 100 g/day increase was 1.14, and the risk increases linearly with increasi intake of red and processed meats up to approximately 140 g/day, where the curve approaches its plateau.
Red and processed meat intake not associated with prostate cancer [13]
Alexander et al. 2012 analysed data of fifteen studies of red meat and 11 studies of processed meat. No association with high red meat consumption and total prostate cancer was observed. However a weakly association between processed meat and total prostate cancer was found but data were not conclusive. The stress that independent positive association between red or processed meat intake and prostate cancer could not be supported.
The acai palm is native to Central and South America, from Belize southward to
Brazil and Peru. These palms grow mainly in swamps and floodplains. Acai palms
are fast-growing, and are cultivated for both their fruits and for their
superior hearts of palm. Global demand for the fruit has expanded rapidly in
recent years, and acaí is now cultivated for that purpose primarily.
[15]
According to David Heber and colleagues 2008 claims to have superior antioxidants
or the new marketing term "superfoods" and "superfruits" including acai,
mangosteen, noni, sea
buckthorn, and Chinese wolfberry (goji) is based on in vitro antioxidant
assays, and most of them lack clinical evidence of the effects on
physiological function. Many foods are highlighted as disease fighting foods,
awakening hope to cure cancer, Alzheimers disease, coronary artery diseases,
improve sexual activity. The food and beverage industry and food supplement
manufacturers explore the fears, the hope and eagerness to improve physical
status or to look after anti-ageing products.
The industry commercialised ready-to-drink polyphenol-rich beverages supported
by heavy marketing activities covering health, sport and wellness.
The study of David Heber compared the antioxidant content and the in vitro
inhibition of LDL (average) of polyphenol-rich beverages on market. The researchers found that
acai was in the middle of these products, far behind pomegranade juice (Punica
granatum) (97%), Red wine (69%), Concorde grape juice (38.4%), blueberry
juice (48.6%))and black cherry juice (34.2%), cranberry juice (38.8%),
acai (19.6%).
Other beverages presented low inhibition, such as orange juice(10.3%), apple
juice (1,4%), iced green tea (12.5%), iced black tea (11.8%) and iced white tea (8.4%).
The authors say that some beverages must be consumed in much larger amounts to
have the same effect of pomegranade juice or red wine. These two do have effects
in humans including anti-inflammatory effects.
No weight reduction and other miraculous effects with acai pills
[16] [17]
The Center for Science in the Public Interest is warning consumers not to
enroll online in supposedly free trials of diet products made with the trendy Brazilian
berry acai. The Center says that there is no evidence whatsoever to suggest that
acai pills will reduce body weight, flatten tummies, cleanse colons, enhance
sexual desire, or perform any of the other commonly advertised functions.
Lyndy Johnson, a nutritionist of the University of Missouri Extension, recommends to eat more fresh or frozen blueberries and strawberries, which are readily available and less expensive than acai. Consumers are being warned about online vendors of acai products offering pricey monthly subscriptions that are difficult to cancel.[18]
Kinghorn and colleagues 2010 assessed bioactive compounds from acai (Euterpe oleracea), baobab (Adansonia digitata), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), and noni (Morinda citrifolia). Some of these compounds presented strong biological activity, however, their concentration in plants were very low.
Sun and colleagues 2010 report that feed with 2% acai pulp increased the lifespan of female flies fed a high fat diet compared to the non-supplemented control through activation of stress response pathways and suppression of Pepck expression. The authors concluded that acai helps acts against the effect of fat in the diet and oxidative stress in ageing.
The supplementation of 2% acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) pulp of a hypercholesterolemic diet improved the antioxidant status and has a hypocholesterolemic effect in an animal model on high fat diet reducing total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with control groups.
Acai pulp was found bei Ribeiro and colleagues to contain carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic, and flavonoids in acai pulp. In this study the authors demonstrated the absence of genotoxic effects of acai and report protecte its protecting activity against DXR-induced DNA damage in liver and kidney cells. The findings are important for development of functional foods and provide informations for the study of acai as a health promoter.
The authors suggest that acai may reduce impairments of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, reducing the oxidative stress. The authors pretreated tissue of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rats with acai pulp which performed better than not treated tissue when exposed to (H(2)O(2)) as oxidatve stress.
Effect of berry juices are exagerated
Commercial juices are labelled
as nectar of fruit drinks. Their content of natural juice is 20 per cent or
below. Their physiological effect is therefore comparable with a fruit and
vegetable rich nutrition. Here are some publications which originated from a same group of researchers.
Robert Krikorian, Barbara Shukitt-Hale and colleagues 2009 claim that Concorde
grape juice improved verbal learning and enhanced verbal and spatial recall in
12 older adults with memory decline but not dementia.
A previous study by Shukitt-Hale and colleagues 2006 reported that Concord grape
juice appeared to reverse the course of neuronal and behavioural ageing in rats.
[25]
Krikorian and colleagues 2012 report that juice of wild blueberries have
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects because of their content of polyphenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins. Studies associated these
anthocyanins with increased neuronal signaling in brain centers, mediating
memory function as well as improved glucose disposal, all of what could reduce
neurodegeneration. Krikorian found in the study that nine elderly persons
improved memory and neurocognitive.
The polyphenolics in fruits and vegetables have retarded and even reversed
age-related decrements in motor and cognitive performance, which may be the
result of the polyphenols increasing antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory levels,
or by direct effects on signaling, in the brain, according to Shukitt-Hale and
colleagues 2009. The authors report that a 2% blackberry-supplemented diet
reversed age-related deficits in behavioural and neuronal function, improving
motor performance on three tasks which rely on balance and co-ordination.
Willis, Shukitt-Hale,and colleagues 2009, in a review found that antioxidant-rich berries consumed in the diet can positively impact learning
and memory in the aged animal due to the direct interaction of berry
polyphenols with ageing neurons, reducing the impact of stress-related
cellular signals and increasing the capacity of neurons to maintain proper
functioning during ageing.
Shukitt-Hale and colleagues 2008 assessed the effect of supplementation of 2%
of plum (Prunus domestica) as 100% juice und as plum powder. The authors
found that plum juice improved working memory, whereas no improvement was noted with plum
powder, compared with rats subjected to a diet without plum.
Profitable market for palm hearts and acai products exert great pressure on
the Amazon ecology. The natural rainforest lands are clear-cut for mass
cultivation of acai, following a project of planting 5 billion acai trees in
the next 10 years.
Soy plantations, cattle farming and exotic plantations like acai endanger nature,
deprive poor native population of acai as affordable food. In 2008 Marina Silva
resigned as environment minister after the Amazon development project was taken
away from her and given to the Harvard Professor Roberto Mangabeira Unger who
wants to include the Amazon Region in one of the greatest agro-industry project
ever seen. It will boost Brazilian ethanol production to replace 5% of crude oil
by 20025. The sustainable use of the acai palm by the local population and
indian tribes is changed to a mass-production to feed the international market.
[31]
Embrapa, a department of the Brazilian government, forces the development of
acai production and export.
Embrapa says that already 200,000 km² of the region were deforested to
give place for cattle farming, soy and sugar cane plantation. This is an area
which is bigger than Swiss and Austria summed together. Covering such an area
with a monoculture of palms repeat the errors of Indonesia and the palm oil
production for biodiesel. Revenues will not benefit the local indigenous
population, but enrich commercial entities from abroad. Embrapa admits that
the heavy export cause shortage of acai at the local market and exploding
price make it unaffordable for the poor population which used it as staple food.
Plantations are located around the Marajó Island at Cametá, Furos de
Breves e Arari Ajuru, Abaetetuba, Igarapé-Miri, Ponta de Pedras, Limoeiro e
Mocajuba,which account for 90% of the commercial production.
According to Embrapa the annual production of 15 thousand hectares finaced by the
state, and other plantations is 160,000 Tons, but will increase as soon new
plantations start to produce fruits, which is estimated to become 8
tons/hectare.
-Acai dense, or special (Type A): Pulp extracted with water. Total solids over
14%, appearance is very dense.
- Acai medium or regular (Type B): Pulp extracted with water. Total solids
between 11% and 14%. Appearance is dense.
- Acai thin or popular (Tipe C) Pulp extracted with water. Total solids between
8% and 11%, appearance is less dense. Decontamination with 10 to 60 minutes immersion in a solution of chlorine (20 ppm to 50 ppm active chlorine) Pasteurisation is
recommended by 80° to 85° during 10 seconds in a tubular heat
exchanger. Final temperatur of the proiduct should be 5°. -18 ° a -20 ° or below. To the production of acai powder temperatures of 135
° a 140 ° are used. Outlet temperature of the system is 85 °
a 90 °. Allied pressure is 4,9 a 6,2 kg/cm². The powder should be
packed in aluminized plastic bags.
Peach-palm also known as pupunheira, and pupunha in Brazil. Bactris gasipaes. The
fruit is frequently stewed in salted water. It is used to make compotes and
jellies, or also used to make flour and edible oil. This palm is fast growing. Harvest of
heart of palm can be accomplished 18 to 24 months after planting. The plant is a
substitute for acai palm to produce hearts of palm. Its commercial cultivation
increases environment degradation of the lower Amazon.
Date palm fruits
According to Chaira and colleagues 2007, about 50,000 tons of dates are discarded by sorting each year in Tunisia. The authors developed a process to use these fruits for the production of fructose rich syrups at low costs.
The invertase activity of date palm fruits from the Tunisian oasis of Gabes and Jerid were determined, whereas the Gabes variety had highest invertase activity with at least two isoforms. The invertase extracted from Korkobbi presented an optimal temperature of 45°, optimum pH of 3,5 to 4,8. Using this invertase a high fructose syrup was obtained from aqueous extract of the Deglet Nour variety during 30 minutes of incubation. The authors used invertase extracted with distilled water and concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 80% saturation.
Composition of Tunisia date [35]
Chaira and colleagues determined the chemical composition and the radical scavenging activity of flesh and pit of Deglet nour and Alig date. The total sugars may be more than 60% of the dry weight of date flesh. Dates flesh was found to be a good source of several minerals such as potassium varying between 0.61 and 0.72% (dry matter).
Date pit oil content varied between 10.13% and 12.37%. Less than 6% sugars were determined, in addition, important free radical scavenging activity were found by the authors.
Mrabet and colleagues 2008 analysed the composition of Tunisian date palm fruit varieties , taking Deglet Nour as reference. They report that the littoral varieties were very rich in reducing sugars and were high in vitamin C, while Deglet Nour was rich in sucrose and were low in vitamin C. The littoral varieties were classified as soft dates due to their moisture content. The littoral dates were rich in potassium and low in sodium. Al-Farsi and Lee 2008 in a review write that the date flesh is low in fat and protein but rich in sugars. Minerals are selenium, copper, potassium, and magnesium. Vitamins B-complex and C are the major vitamins in dates. The flesh is high in dietary fiber, carotenoids and phenolics. Date seeds contain higher protein as compared to the flesh, have high dietary fiber, phenolics (3942 mg/100 g) and antioxidants (80400 micromol/100 g). The authors suggest tat date seeds may be used as functional food ingredient. Ali, Al-Kindi and Al-Said 2009 determined the nutritional quality and glycemic index of three sun-dried date varieties (Khalas, Khsab and Fardh) grown in Oman. The glycemic index (GI) ranged between 47.6 and 57.7. The authors found an iinverse correlation between the fructose fraction and the GI value of dates.
Jam of strawberry, cherry, apricot, fig and orange is considered as a source of bioactive phenolic compounds. Rababah and colleagues 2011 report that fresh strawberry had the highest contents of total phenolics of the analysed fruits. Bioactive phenolic compounds of all fruits decreased during jam processing. Storage of strawberry and cherry jam did not reduce phenolic compounds any further during 5 month. Apricot, fig and orange jam, however reduced further the levels of phenolics during storage.
Only strawberry jam did not experienced a further drop in antioxidant activity during storage, while all other jam types were found to have it reduced during storage. The highest levels of anthocyanins were found in strawberries. A decrease of anthocyanins and pH in apricot and fig jams was found after 5 month storage, no further losses were found with other jams. The authors concluded that some of the of bioactive phenolics are lost during jam processing, however, it is still a good method to maintain these compounds during long storage. Strawberry jam performed best of all types of jams. Savikin and colleagues 2009 studied the chemical composition of domestically processed organically cultivated or wild growing berries in Serbia. The total phenolics content in fresh berries varied between 380 and 1660 mg GAE/100 g. The phenolic content decreased during the processing to jams, and storage in almost all samples, except in black currant. Processing and storage caused decrease in anthocyanin content. Frozen as well as processed berries, despite presenting losses during processing and storage, had still high levels of radical scavenging activity, even after fter 9 months of storage and presented microbiological stability.
Bakkalbasi, Mentes and Artik 2009 reviewed studies related to ellagitannins and ellagic acid in fruits. Ellagic acid is a hydrolytic product of ellagitannins an give the characteristic taste to fruits.. There are controversies concerning health claims praising the antioxidant properties of ellagic acid. Despite unprecise evidence of health benefits it was sold with the claim to benefits against cancer, heart disease, and other medical problems. FDA recommended consumers should avoid ellagic classifying the claims as a fake. [42] The increased consumption of energy dense foods, such as meat, dairy processed foods (fat spreads, sweets and pastries) and foods rich in added sugars (sugary drinks and juices) are responsible for a rise of obesity, diabetes, heart diseases and cancer in Chile. The population has a low consumption of fish, whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits.
The Mediterranean diet is rich in nuts, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole-wheat bread, fish, and olive oil, with moderate amounts of red wine. The population adhering to this diet present a lower rate of cancer and cardiovascular disease. This diet is rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, such as omega-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, and phenolic compounds. Pauwels 2011 reviews studies related to the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and its mechanisms of biological activity.
Sun et al 2010 postulate that differences in processing and nutrients between brown rice and white rice may have different effects on risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Nurses' Health Study I and II, the authors found that higher intake of white rice (>5 servings per week versus <1 per month) was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, compared to high brown rice intake (>2 servings per week versus <1 per month).
According to the authors replacing 50 g/d (uncooked, equivalent to one-third serving per day) intake of white rice with brown rice may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by 16%, whereas whole grains as a group reduced diabetes risk by 36%. The authors concluded that substituting white rice by whole grains, including brown rice, reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes. The study supports the recommendation to consume whole grains instead of refined grains.
A new study of Zhang et al 2011 analysed the effect of brown rice and risk reduction of diabetes 2 measuring during 16 weeks BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and serum lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations.
The authors report that there were no differences found between the group with white rice in their diet and the group with brown rice. Only the serum LDL cholesterol concentration decreased more in the white rice group compared to the brown rice group, but this effect was observed only among participants with diabetes. Participants with diabetes within the brown rice group experienced a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure compared to the white rice group. The authors concluded that brown rice does not improve metabolic risk factors of diabetes 2, however, further studies must confirm this affirmation. Levi-Costa and colleagues report an increasing consumption of sugar leading to excess of calories and low intake of fruits and vegetables in Brazil. A high proportion of calories from saturated fats in urban regions displace traditional foods, like rice and beans. These local dishes are being replaced by processed foods, such as cookies and soft drinks, increasing the amount of sugar and saturated fats in the Brazilian diet. These changes in dietary habits leads to obesity chronic non-communicable diseases in morbidity and mortality and with the continuous increase in the prevalence of obesity.
Relation of sugar purchases to other foods The authors stress that each calorie from sugar purchases increases the share of calories from fat by 0.3 calories and decreases the share of calories from protein by 0.7 calories.
Relation of sugar from processed foods to other foods Each calorie of sugar from processed foods increases the share from fat by 1.6 calories and the share from saturated fatty acids by 0.4 calories and decreases the share from non-sugar carbohydrates by 0.8 calories. [48]
The authors support the recommendations of the WHO and the Brazilian Ministry of Health which recommend to limit the consumption of sugar. [49]
Rusty Rodriguez, a researcher at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reports the development of rice variety with increased tolerance to cold, salt and drought. Heat stress resistance has still to be added, because rice production is known to decreases by 10 percent for every temperature increase of 1-degree centigrade during the rice-growing season.
The researchers at USGS colonized two commercial varieties of rice with the spores of fungi that exist naturally within native coastal dunegrass. Fungi which colonize the rice plants may confer stress tolerance to drought, salt and temperature, as well as increased seed yields and root systems in rice These stressors are predicted to worsen due to climate change, and adapting rice plants to such changes is crucial because rice provides nearly half the daily calories for the world’s population. These small fungi act as endophytes.
The term "endophytic" refers to a situation where one organism lives inside another. In this case, a fungus and grass form a relationship that is mutually beneficial and enhances the reproductive success of each. Another example of endophytic relationship is provided by researchers of the University of Rhode Island. They roprt that the fungal endophytes Acremonium coenophialum and A. lolii live within perennial ryegrass hosts. These endophytes are transferred from plant to plant via seed. [51]
The USGS researchers named this emerging area of research "symbiogenics" for symbiosis-altered gene expression. The DNA of the rice plant itself is not changed. Removing the fungus from dunegrass, the plants are no longer salt tolerant, indicating that no DNA change took place. [52] Pesticides were determined in Guandond/China soils of litchi orchards after harvesting the fruit.
Yao and colleagues 2010, authors of the study, found concentrations of 39.05 microg/kg(-1) for mancozeb, 7.83 microg/kg(-1) for cypermethrin and 0.19 to 1.65 microg/kg(-1) for the other five pesticides (carbendazim. metalaxyl, cyhalothrin. dimethoate and dichlorvos). Deltamethrin and dipterex were not found in all soil samples. The authors suggest that the range of pesticide residue in litchi orchards in Guangdong does not affect food safety.
According to National Research Council in USA tropical fruit production in Africa is dominated by species introduced from
Asia and the, such as bananas, pineapples, and papayas which displaced the
traditional species that had fed Africans for thousands of years.
With renewed scientific and institutional support, however, native fruits
could make a much greater contribution to nutrition and economic development,
the new report says. Fruit trees and shrubs also offer long-term benefits by
improving the stability of the environment.
The National Research Council report lists the benefits of 24 fruits that are
considered candidates for optimisation. The most important of this list are:
- Aizen - A large Saharan shrub that grows in particularly
hostile places where few other plants can survive, aizen could protect eroding slopes,
stabilise dunes and create windbreaks. The fruits are good source of vitamins
A and C, calcium and some minerals, and the seeds a source of protein and zinc.
- Balanites - Also capable of thriving in the desert,
balanites' fruit are similar to dates and are already eaten in arid zones where food is scares. But
their full potential is not being realised, particularly since their kernels
are have a similar oil-protein balance to soybeans and sesame seeds (one half
oil, one half protein). They could also help counter desertification.
- Boabab - A sticky pulp from the fruits can be dried and used
as a nutritious powder that is high in protein, vitamins and minerals. This is
drunk with milk or other beverages. The pulp is also made into thin pancakes
that keep for a long time. The "almost indestructible" trees also yield a
leafy vegetable.
- Butterfruit - Butterfruit is a small tree, but its
fruit, high in calories and protein, are regarded as very promising to help reduce child
malnutrition. It is also a cash crop, and the mahogany-like wood could show
promise for plantations.
- Tamarind - The fruits are an excellent source of B
vitamins and calcium, and last a long time with no refrigeration. The
sweet-sour pulp can also be made into cakes. Tamarind trees also come with the
promise of restoring damaged lands.
Sulforaphane from broccoli in the prevention of different cancers
[54]
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded
by the PTEN gene.Mutations of this gene are a step in the development of many
cancers.
PTEN acts as a tumor suppressor gene through the action of its phosphatase
protein product. This phosphatase is involved in the regulation of the cell
cycle, preventing cells from growing and dividing too rapidly. PTEN is one of
the most commonly lost tumor suppressors in human cancer. During tumor
development, mutations and deletions of PTEN occur that inactivate its
enzymatic activity leading to increased cell proliferation and reduced cell
death. Frequent genetic inactivation of PTEN occurs in glioblastoma,
endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, and reduced expression is found in many
other tumor types such as lung and breast cancer. [55]
Traka and colleagues 2010 assessed the diet and its relation to counteract
the loss of PTEN expression to contribute to the prevention of prostate cancer
or reduce the rate of cancer progression. The authors focused on the
interaction between sulforaphane, PTEN expression and gene expression in pre
malignant prostate tissue.
Sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that exhibits anticancer,
antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. It is obtained from cruciferous
vegetables such as broccoli. The enzyme myrosinase transforms glucoraphanin, a
glucosinolate, into sulforaphane upon damage to the plant (such as from
chewing) [56]
Traka and colleagues suggest that sulforaphane suppresses transcriptional changes
induced by PTEN deletion and induces additional changes in gene expression
associated with cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death Such changes can be
induced in humans with a broccoli-rich diet. The authors point to the complex
interaction between diet, genotype and gene expression, and the importance of
small bioactive components of a varied diet.
Chambers and colleagues 2009 report that isothiocyanates derived from
glucosinolates that accumulate in broccoli are dietary compounds that have health
effects. Sulforaphane derives from heading broccoli (calabrese) and iberin from
sprouting broccoli, and both increase the expression of tumor suppressor gene
PLAGL1 and suppressed expression of the tumor promoting genes IFITM1, CSPG2, and
VIM in epithelial cells. The authors stress that sulforaphane and iberin interfere with cancer prevention genes, and recommend further studies on iberin.
Traka and colleagues 2008 stress that eating more than one portion of
cruciferous vegetables per week reduces the risk of prostate cancer. The
authors report that a six month broccoli-rich diet induced a significant
increase of the gene expression of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1)
associated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) and epidermal
growth factor (EGF) signalling pathways. No such changes were found in a pea-rich diet.
The authors explain further that sulforaphane from broccoli interacts with
TGFbeta1, EGF and insulin peptides to form thioureas, and enhances
TGFbeta1/Smad-mediated transcription reducing inflammation and cancer risk of
prostate.
Sulforaphane derived from broccoli, may exhibit chemopreventive properties by
inducing cell cycle arrest via induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
(p21(waf1/cip1)). In 2009, Traka and colleagues explained the role of the
transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in mediating the induction of
p21(waf1/cip1) and cellular differentiation by sulforaphane and iberin from
broccoli. These results suggest that induction of p21(waf1/cip1) by SF or IB may
be partly mediated by KLF4 in some colon cancer cells and tissues.
[59]
Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and kale contain glucosinolates. These phytochemicals reduce the risk of prostate, breast, lung and colorectal cancer. Clarke et al. 2011 report that the enzyme myrosinase, present in these vegetables, is needed to break down glucosinolates in sulforaphane and erucin. Both metabolites are found in urine in concentrations eight times higher in people eating broccoli sprouts, compared to persons which receive in their diet glucosinolates as supplement instead of broccoli sprouts. The authors explain that supplements lack the myrosinase enzyme present in whole foods. It is being recommended not to cook vegetables too long, particularly broccoli sprouts. It should retain firmness to avoid destruction of natural enzymes and vitamins of the food.
Spain, China, Switzerland, and France have the lowest CHD mortality rates in
the world. Spain is the world's third largest wine producer and ninth largest
beer producer, and is in sixth position in the world ranking of alcohol
consumption. Several studies postulate that moderate alcohol intake reduces Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) risk. Some studies highlight the benefits of
bioflavonoids of red vine. A new study of Larraitz Arriola and colleagues,
analysing data of the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation
into Cancer (EPIC) found that moderate, high and very high consumption was
associated with a more than 30% reduce risk of CHD in men aged 29-69 years,
compared with non-drinkers, however, no significant association could be
demonstrated among women.
Other scientists like William S. Harris disagree saying that the assertion that
alcohol lowers heart disease misstates the findings being an epidemiological
study, not an interventional study. [62]
Rohrmann and colleagues 2009 using EPIC data suggest no association of alcohol
consumption with pancreatic cancer risk [63]. In a study of 2008 the same
authors reported no increase risk of prostate cancer in this cohort of
European men, related to alcohol consume.
[64]
An inverse associations between the consumption of vegetables and fruits and
risk of lung cancer were reported by Büchner and colleagues 2009 which also
stress that consumption of vegetables and fruits may reduce lung cancer risk, in
particular the risk of squamous cell carcinomas in current smokers.
Buckland and colleagues 2009 examined the relation between Mediterranean diet
adherence and risk of incident CHD events in the 5 Spanish centres of the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. The authors report
that the Mediterranean reduces CHD risk and exerts a role in primary prevention
of CHD in healthy populations.
The Mediterranean diet is believed to protect against cancer. Buckland and
colleagues 2010 explored the association between a relative Mediterranean diet
and incident gastric adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study within a mean follow-up of 8.9
years.
No association between moderate alcohol intake and risk of gastric cancer was
found in this study. This legitimates the use of moderate consumption of red
wine, a characteristic element of the Mediterranean diet.
The authors conclude that a relative Mediterranean diet is associated with a
significant reduction of risk of gastric adenocarcinoma.
Boffetta and colleagues,assessing data of European EPIC study (European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) say found that eating five
portions of fruit and vegetables may not significantly reduce the risk of
developing cancer. The results from many studies are inconsistent and reduction
of cancer risk was low, being 3% for fruit and vegetable combined, 1% reduction
for fruit alone, and 2% reduction for vegetables alone.
Dr. Walter C. Willett, in an editorial 2010 says that even with the findings
of EPIC study report on low anti-cancer effect of fruit and vegetable
consumption, their benefit to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease, and a
small benefit for cancer make the effort worthwhile. Research should focus
more sharply on specific fruits and vegetables and their constituents and on
earlier periods of life. For prevention of cancer, the primary focus at
present should be heightened efforts to reduce smoking and obesity because
obesity in the United States has become similar in magnitude to smoking as an
avoidable cause.
Dr Rachel Thompson, Science Programme Manager for World Cancer Research Fund,
said that the 2.5 per cent of prevented cancers found by the EPIC stand for
impressing 7,000 cases a year alone in UK. The five-a-day fruit and vegetables
program also helps to reduce weight. Thompson also reminds that quit smoking,
keeping a healthy weight, cutting down on alcohol, eating a healthy balanced
diet, being physically active and staying safe in the sun are part of a good
strategy to reduce cancer risk. [70]
Studying the protection of fruits and vegetables against oesophagus and
gastric cancer Carlos A. González and colleagues found in the EPIC study
that total vegetable and onion and garlic intake has a protective role in the
intestinal type of gastric cancer and the adenocarcinoma of oesophagus.
Citrus fruit consumption may have a role in the protection against cardia
gastric cancer and the adenocarcinoma of oesophagus, but no evidence of
association between fresh fruit intake and gastric cancer risk was found.
Dietary recommendations to increase vegetable consumption are being supported
by this study because this may reduce the risk of intestinal type of gastric cancer.
Schmidt and colleagues 2011 point out that heredity, ethnic origin, and increasing age are risk factors of prostate cancer. Environmental factors also play an important role in the development of the disease. Men with the same genetic background, but living in different environments diseased in association with the place where they lived.
Nutritional factors Total energy intake (as reflected by body mass index), dietary fat, cooked meat, micronutrients and vitamins (carotenoids, retinoids, vitamins C, D and E), fruit and vegetable intake, minerals (calcium, selenium), and phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids, flavonoids, lignans) were found to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
However, selenium and vitamin E were found to be of no benefit to cancer prevention by "The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial" (SELECT). Therefore the trial was discontinued Overall the authors recommend lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
Kiwi
It is widely used as food because of its high content of vitamin C and its taste.
Allergy is often cited in relation with kiwi. It is supposed that instable allergens are of importance. As possible allergen thio-proteinase actinidin 23,5 kD; pl 3,1 is cited. It is similar to bromelain in pineapple and papain in Papaya.
Pastorello et al. (1996) has found as major allergen at 30kD the protein 22,24 (Actinidin) 28, 32, 38 and 41 kD.
Any attempt to modify the genetic code of kiwi should try to suppress these fractions as possible allergens.
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is known by its papain from
fruit and leaves. Teas from leaves of the papaya plant are also used in traditional medicine in case of various types of cancer. Recently Dang and
colleagues 2010 report that aqueous-extracted Carica papaya leaf fraction
inhibited the growth of various tumour cell lines and enhanced the
expression of CCL2, CCL7, CCL8 and SERPINB2 genes. These genes are index
markers of the immunomodulatory effect of the extract. The authors identified
fraction with molecular weight less than 1000 as the active part to inhibits
tumor cell growth and stimulates anti-tumor effects. Th1-type cytokine
production is activated. The authors suggest that Carica papaya leaf extract
can may be useful in treatment and prevention of cancer, various allergic
disorders, and may also serve as immunoadjuvant for vaccine therapy. No toxic
effects on normal cells were found.
Van Kiem and colleagues 2010 report methanolic extract of the leaves of
Mallotus nanus to contain two mallonanosides, which are
2-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl benzoic acid derivatives. Other isolated flavonoids
were kaempferin, juglanin, quercitrin, myricitrin, and rhoifolin.
Mallotus species are used in traditional medicine in Vietnam and China. Some also
show interesting activities, such as antioxidant and cytotoxic ones. Tistaert and
colleagues 2009 used chromatographic fingerprints to reveal the peaks potentially
responsible for the antioxidant activity of several Mallotus species.
[75]
Antioxidant Capacities Tunisian Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Fruits [76]
Elfalleh et al 2011 assessed the Antioxidant Capacities Tunisian Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Fruits. The tocopherol (alfa-tocopherol, gama-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol) contents were found by the author, respectively, 165.77, 107.38, and 27.29 mg/100 g from dry seed.
The phenolic compounds were identified as 2 hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic and ellagic acids) and 2 hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic and rho-coumaric acids). The highest antioxidants values were found in peels, and less in juice and seed oil. The antioxidant activity of pomegranate extracts correlated with their phenolic compound content, being highest in peels. The antioxidant activity of the seed oil is mainly related to the content of tocopherols. The authors suggest that pomegranate may become a valuable antioxidant for dietary food. [77]
Pomegranate seed oil: According to Elfalleh, Ying and colleagues 2011 Tunesia and China pomegranates had a total lipids content of 16% on a dry weight basis, of which 88% were unsaturated. The authors found linolenic acid (44.51-86.14%), linoleic acid (3.57-13.92%), oleic acid (3.03-12.88%), palmitic acid (3.13-11.82%), stearic acid (1.68-15.64%), gadoleic acid (0.50-4.91%), lignoceric acid ( < 2.53%), arachidic acid ( < 1.70%) and myristic acid ( < 0.85%). The fatty acids content varied between Chinese and Tunisian pomegranate depending on the sampling location. [78]
Lansky and Newman 2007 reviewed the medicinal and nutritional role of pomegranate (Punica granatum). The authors found that juice and peels possess potent antioxidant properties, while juice, peel and oil are all weakly estrogenic and are useful to treat menopausal symptoms and sequellae. Juice, peel and oil have anticancer activities, including interference with tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion and angiogenesis. The authors stress that all Punica granatum components may be use for treatment and prevention of diseases based on chronic inflammation. [79]
Nasri et al 2011 report a high content of gallic acid (1764 ± 174.3 mg per 100 g DW) and rutin (890 ± 47.6 mg per 100 g DW) in Juniperus phoenicea berries. High free radical scavenging activities were also found by the authors. The authors stress that Juniperus phoenicea may be used as supplements or as an ingredient in pharmacy.
Spices were found to be potent antioxidant in vitro. Skulas-Ray et al. 2011 examined the postprandial activity of spices on human markers of plasma antioxidant status and metabolism.
A meal of chicken curry with 5060-kJ (1200 kcal) was seasoned with two table spoons (14 g) of a blend of rosemary, oregano, cinnamon, turmeric, black pepper, cloves, garlic powder and paprika, Blood from the participants were taken every 30 minutes for 3.5 hours. Antioxidant activity in the blood was increased by 13 percent and insulin response decreased by about 21 percent, blood triglycerides decreased by 30 percent, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power increased 2-fold, compared with the unseasoned meal group. This was found to be equivalent to 5 ounces of red wine or 1.4 ounces of dark chocolate. Glucose, total thiols, lipophilic ORAC, or total ORAC remained unaltered.
The authors concluded that spices may normalize postprandial insulin and TG and improve antioxidant defences.
Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, anthocyanidins, and flavonoids are known to be associated with health benefits. These compounds bring colours to fruits and vegetables. The study of Oude Griep et al. 2011 looked at which fruit and vegetable colour groups may reduce the risk of stroke assessing the consumption of fruit and vegetable colour groups during a 10-year stroke incidence study.
The authors found that coloured fruits and vegetables were not related to stroke. The coloured groups under the study were green (cabbages, lettuces), orange/yellow (citrus fruits), and red/purple (red vegetables) fruits and vegetables. Higher intake of white-fleshed fruits and vegetables (apple and pears) were inversely associated with incident stroke, and 25-g/day increase in white fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a 9% lower risk of stroke. An average apple weighs 120 g. This suggests that high intake of apples and pears may reduce stroke incidence, The authors, however, call for more study to confirm the findings.
Don't turn your back to coloured fruits and vegetable, they protect against cancer and other diseases. Have in mind to eat more fruits and vegetables as a whole.
Do et al. 2011 report that diet high in raw vegetables and fruits reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The chromosome 9p21 SNPs was found to be related to these heart diseases and diet may reduce the effect of this chromosome. The study used data of the INTERHEART study and the FINRISK. Participants were genotyped for four 9p21 SNPs.
All four genes were associated with heart diseases. The combination of two copies of the risk allele and the least prudent diet correlated with a two-fold and 1.66-fold increase in the risk of MI and CVD respectively. This provides more evidences of the benefits of diets high in raw vegetables and fruits.
- 1
-
WHO.
Who epic project: Key results and current scientific activity.
http://epic.iarc.fr/keyfindings.php. - 2
-
Crowe et al., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer, and Nutrition (EPIC)-Heart Study Collaborators:.
Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: results from the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (epic)-heart study.
Eur Heart J, 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21245490. - 3
-
Punnen S, Hardin J, Cheng I, Klein EA, and Witte JS.
Impact of meat consumption, preparation, and mutagens on aggressive prostate cancer.
PLoS One, 6(11):e27711, 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132129. - 4
-
Takachi R, Tsubono Y, Baba K, Inoue M, Sasazuki S, Iwasaki M, Tsugane S, and For The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group.
Red meat intake may increase the risk of colon cancer in japanese, a population with relatively low red meat consumption.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 20(4):603-12, 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072349. - 5
-
Sotos Prieto M, Guillen M, Sorlí JV, Asensio EM, Gillem Sáiz P, González JI, and Corella D.
Meat and fish consumption in a high cardiovascular risk spanish mediterranean population.
Nutr Hosp, 26(5):1033-40, 10 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072349. - 6
-
Lajous, Tondeur L, Fagherazzi G, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Boutron-Ruaualt MC, and Clavel-Chapelon F.
Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes among french women.
Diabetes Care, 11 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100967. - 7
-
Ward MH, Cross AJ, Abnet CC, Sinha R, Markin RS, and Weisenburger DD.
Heme iron from meat and risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and stomach.
Eur J Cancer Prev, 10 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044848. - 8
-
Hebels DG, Sveje KM, de Kok MC, van Herwijnen MH, Kuhnle GG, Engels LG, Vleugels-Simon CB, Mares WG, Pierik M, Masclee AA, Kleinjans JC, and de Kok TM.
Red meat intake-induced increases in fecal water genotoxicity correlate with pro-carcinogenic gene expression changes in the human colon.
Food Chem Toxicol, 10 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22019696. - 9
-
Riboli E et al 2005.
Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 97(12):906-16, 6 2005.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913932/?tool=pubmed. - 10
-
Larsson SC and Wolk A.
Red and processed meat consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Br J Cancer, 1 2012.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22240790. - 11
-
The 2007 world cancer research fund/american institute of cancer research report.
http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/4841/1/4841.pdf. - 12
-
Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, and Norat T.
Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies.
PLoS One, 6(6):e20456, 2011.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info456. - 13
-
Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Cushing CA, and Sceurman B.
A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat intake and prostate cancer.
Nutr J, 9:50, 11 2010.
http://www.nutritionj.com/content/9/1/50. - 14
-
http://www.pomwonderful.com/pdf/Antioxidant_Beverage_Study.pdf.
Seeram, Navindra P.; Airam, Michael; Zhang, Yanjun;Henning, Nusanne M.; Feng, Lydia; Dreher, Mark; Heber, David: Comparison of Antioxidant Potency of Commonly Consumed Polyphenol-Rich Beverages in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 1415-1422. - 15
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acai.
Wikipedia: Acai palm. - 16
-
http://www.cspinet.org/new/200903231.html.
CSPI: Consumers Warned of Web-Based Acai Scams. Companies Use Fake Blogs, Fake Endorsements, Fishy Science, and Hard-to-Cancel Credit Card Transactions to Bilk Consumers. March 23.2009. - 17
-
http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2009/01/08/bbb-warms-of-acai-berry-weight-loss-scam/.
BBB warns of acai berry weight-loss scam Tom Barlow Jan 8th 2009. - 18
-
Johnson L:.
Evaluating acai berry health claims. 18 may 2009.
University of Missouri Extension.
http://extension.missouri.edu/news/DisplayStory.aspx?N=435. - 19
-
Kinghorn AD, Chai HB, Sung CK, and Keller WJ:.
The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals.
Fitoterapia, 9 2010.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804827. - 20
-
Sun X, Seeberger J, Alberico T, Wang C, Wheeler CT, Schauss AG, and Zou S:.
Acai palm fruit (euterpe oleracea mart.) pulp improves survival of flies on a high fat diet.
45(3):243-51, 3 2010.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080168. - 21
-
de Souza MO, Silva M, Silva ME, Oliveira Rde P, and Pedrosa ML:.
Diet supplementation with acai pulp improves biomarkers of oxidative stress and the serum lipid profile in rats.
Nutrition, 26(7-8):804-10, Jul-Aug 2010.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022468. - 22
-
Ribeiro JC, Antunes LM, Aissa AF, Darin JD, De Rosso VV, Mercadante AZ, and Bianchi Mde L:.
Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects after acute and subacute treatments with acai pulp (euterpe oleracea mart.) on mice using the erythrocytes micronucleus test and the comet assay.
Mutat Res., 695(1-2):22-28, 1 2010.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892033. - 23
-
Spada PD, Dani C, Bortolini GV, Funchal C, Henriques JA, and Salvador M:.
Frozen fruit pulp of euterpe oleraceae mart. (acai) prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus of rats.
J Med Food, 12(5):1084-8, 10 2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19857073. - 24
-
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6906504.
Krikorian, Robert; Nash, Tiffany A.; Shidler, Marcelle D.;Shukitt-Hale, Barbara; Joseph, James A.: Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. British Journal of Nutrition. Published online ahead of print, First View Article, doi:10.1017/S0007114509992364. - 25
-
http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(05)00298-4/abstract.
Shukitt-Hale, Barbara; Carey,Amanda; Simon,Laura; Mark, David A.; Joseph, James A.: Effects of Concord grape juice on cognitive and motor deficits in aging. Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 295-302 (March 2006). Doi:10.1016/j.nut.2005.07.016. - 26
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047325.
Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, Kalt W, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA.: Blueberry Supplementation Improves Memory in Older Adults (dagger). J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 4. - 27
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356316.
Shukitt-Hale B, Cheng V, Joseph JA.: Effects of blackberries on motor and cognitive function in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2009 Jun;12(3):135-40. - 28
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19057194.
Willis LM, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA.: Recent advances in berry supplementation and age-related cognitive decline. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Jan;12(1):91-4. - 29
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19097856.
Shukitt-Hale B, Kalt W, Carey AN, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, McDonald J, Joseph JA.: Plum juice, but not dried plum powder, is effective in mitigating cognitive deficits in aged rats. Nutrition. 2009 May;25(5):567-73. Epub 2008 Dec 18. - 30
-
http://www.rain-tree.com/acai.htm.
Rain-Tree Nutrition: Tropical Plant Database.: Acai (Euterpe oleracea). - 31
-
http://www.ourfood-news.com/Biofuel_Impact.html.
Our Food.com: Biofuel impact on biodiversity and food crops. - 32
-
http://sistemaproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Acai/SistemaProducaoAcai_2ed/paginas/intro.htm.
Embrapa: Sistema de producao do acaí. - 33
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes.
Wikipedia: Bactris gasipaes. - 34
-
Chaira N, Smaali I, Besbes S, Mrabet A, Lachiheb B, and Ferchichi A:.
Production of fructose rich syrups using invertase from date palm fruits.
Journal of Food Biochemistry, 10 2010.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00487.x/abstract. - 35
-
Chaira N, Ferchichi A, Mrabet A, and Sghairoun M:.
Chemical composition of the flesh and the pit of date palm fruit and radical scavenging activity of their extracts.
Pak J Biol Sci, 10(13):2202-7, 6 2007.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070182. - 36
-
Mrabet A, Ferchichi A, Chaira N, Mohamed BS, Baaziz Z, and Penny TM:.
Physico-chemical characteristics and total quality of date palm varieties grown in the southern of tunisia.
Pak J Biol Sci, 11(7):1003-8, 4 2008.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18810969. - 37
-
Al-Farsi MA and Lee CY:.
Nutritional and functional properties of dates: a review.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 48(10):877-87, 11 2008.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949591. - 38
-
Ali A, Al-Kindi YS, and Al-Said F:.
Chemical composition and glycemic index of three varieties of omani dates.
Int J Food Sci Nutr, 60(Suppl 4):51-62, 2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946799. - 39
-
Rababah TM, Al-Mahasneh MA, Kilani I, Yang W, Alhamad MN, Ereifej K, and Al-U'datt M:.
Effect of jam processing and storage on total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanins of different fruits.
J Sci Food Agric, 1 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21254073. - 40
-
Savikin K, Zdunić G, Janković T, Tasić S, Menković N, Stević T, and Dordević B.
Phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity of berries and related jams from certificated area in serbia.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 64(3):212-7, 9 2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468835. - 41
-
Bakkalbaşi E, Menteş O, and Artik N:.
Food ellagitannins-occurrence, effects of processing and storage.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, pages 283-98, 3 2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19093271. - 42
-
Wikipedia:.
Ellagic acid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellagic_acid. - 43
-
Crovetto M and Uauy R:.
Changes in household food and nutrient consumption in metropolitan santiago 1988-97 by income.
Rev Med Chil, 138(9):1091-1108, 9 210.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249277. - 44
-
Pauwels EK:.
The protective effect of the mediterranean diet: focus on cancer and cardiovascular risk.
Med Princ Pract, 20(2):103-11, 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252562. - 45
-
Sun Q, Spiegelman D, van Dam RM, Holmes MD, Malik VS, Willett WC, and Hu FB.
White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in us men and women.
Arch Intern Med, 170(11):961-9, 6 2010.
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/170/11/961. - 46
-
Zhang G, Pan A, Zong G, Yu Z, Wu H, Chen X, Tang L, Feng Y, Zhou H, Chen X, Li H, Hong B, Malik VS, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Hu FB, and Lin X.
Substituting white rice with brown rice for 16 weeks does not substantially affect metabolic risk factors in middle-aged chinese men and women with diabetes or a high risk for diabetes.
J Nutr, 141(9):1685-90, 9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795429. - 47
-
Levy-Costa RB, Sichieri R, Pontes Ndos S, and Monteiro CA:.
Household food availability in brazil: distribution and trends (1974-2003).
Rev Saude Publica, 39(4):530-40, 8 2005.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16113900. - 48
-
Levy RB, Claro RM, and Monteiro CA:.
Sugar and overall macronutrient profile in the brazilian family diet (2002-2003).
Cad Saude Publica, 26(3):472-80, 3 2010.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464066. - 49
-
Levy RB, Claro RM, and Monteiro CA:.
Sugar and total energy content of household food purchases in brazil.
Public Health Nutr, 12(11):2084-91, 11 2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402945. - 50
-
Rodriguez R and Puckett C.
Climate adaptation of rice symbiogenics: a new strategy for reducing climate impacts on plants. released: 7/13/2011.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS).
http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2852&from=rss_home. - 51
-
Endopyhte-enhanced grasses.
http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/endophyte.html. - 52
-
Yao LX, Huang LX, Li GL, He ZH, Zhou CM, Yang BM, and Guo B:.
Pesticide residual status in litchi orchard soils in guangdong, china.
Huan Jing Ke Xue, pages 2723-6, 11 2010.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250457. - 53
-
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11879.
National Academic Press: Lost Crops of Africa: Vol 3, Fruits. - 54
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626841.
Traka MH, Spinks CA, Doleman JF, Melchini A, Ball RY, Mills RD, Mithen RF.The dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane modulates gene expression and alternative gene splicing in a PTEN null preclinical murine model of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer. 2010 Jul 13;9(1):189. - 55
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTEN_%28gene%29.
Wikipedia: PTEN (gene). - 56
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphoraphane.
Wikipedia: Sulforaphane. - 57
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19489030.
Chambers KF, Bacon JR, Kemsley EK, Mills RD, Ball RY, Mithen RF, Traka MH: Gene expression profile of primary prostate epithelial and stromal cells in response to sulforaphane or iberin exposure. Prostate. 2009 Sep 15;69(13):1411-21. - 58
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596959.
Traka M, Gasper AV, Melchini A, Bacon JR, Needs PW, Frost V, Chantry A, Jones AM, Ortori CA, Barrett DA, Ball RY, Mills RD, Mithen RF.Broccoli consumption interacts with GSTM1 to perturb oncogenic signalling pathways in the prostate. PLoS One. 2008 Jul 2;3(7):e2568. - 59
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116884.
Traka MH, Chambers KF, Lund EK, Goodlad RA, Johnson IT, Mithen RF: Involvement of KLF4 in sulforaphane- and iberin-mediated induction of p21(waf1/cip1). Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(1):137-45. - 60
-
Clarke JD, Riedl K, Bella D, Schwartz SJ, Stevens JF, and Ho E.
Comparison of isothiocyanate metabolite levels and histone deacetylase activity in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement.
59(20):10955-63, 10 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928849. - 61
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933099.
Arriola L, Martinez-Camblor P, Larranaga N, Basterretxea M, Amiano P, Moreno-Iribas C, Carracedo R, Agudo A, Ardanaz E, Barricarte A, Buckland G, Cirera L, Chirlaque MD, Martinez C, Molina E, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Rodriguez L, Sanchez MJ, Tormo MJ, Gonzalez CA, Dorronsoro M.: Alcohol intake and the Risk of coronary heart disease in the Spanish EPIC cohort study. Heart. 2009 Nov 19. - 62
-
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/712821.
Alcohol Cuts Risk for Heart Disease by One Third. Fran Lowry. Medscape Today. November 20, 2009. - 63
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19145468.
Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Vrieling A, Boffetta P, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Lowenfels AB, Jensen MK, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Misirli G, Lagiou P, Trichopoulou A, Kaaks R, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Allen N, Roddam A, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Peeters PH, Hjartaker A, Lund E, Redondo Cornejo ML, Agudo A, Arriola L, Sánchez MJ, Tormo MJ, Barricarte Gurrea A, Lindkvist B, Manjer J, Johansson I, Ye W, Slimani N, Duell EJ, Jenab M, Michaud DS, Mouw T, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB.: Ethanol intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Jul;20(5):785-94. - 64
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483352.
Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Key TJ, Jensen MK, Overvad K, Johnsen NF, Tjonneland A, Kaaks R, Bergmann MM, Weikert C, Naska A, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Pala V, Sacerdote C, Palli D, Tumino R, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Vrieling A, González CA, Larranaga N, Navarro C, Barricarte A, Quiros JR, Martínez-García C, Hallmans G, Stattin P, Manjer J, Wirfält E, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Egevad L, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Riboli E.: Alcohol consumption and the risk for prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 May;17(5):1282-7. - 65
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924549.
Büchner FL, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Linseisen J, Boshuizen HC, Kiemeney LA, Ros MM, Overvad K, Hansen L, Tjonneland A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud M, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Nthlings U, Trichopoulou A, Zylis D, Dilis V, Palli D, Sieri S, Vineis P, Tumino R, Panico S, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Lund E, Gram IT, Braaten T, Martinez C, Agudo A, Arriola L, Ardanaz E, Navarro C, Rodríguez L, Manjer J, Wirfält E, Hallmans G, Rasmuson T, Key TJ, Roddam AW, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Slimani N, Bofetta P, Byrnes G, Norat T, Michaud D, Riboli E.: Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of histological subtypes of lung cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Nov 19. - 66
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903723.
Buckland G, González CA, Agudo A, Vilardell M, Berenguer A, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Basterretxea M, Chirlaque MD, Cirera L, Dorronsoro M, Egües N, Huerta JM, Larranaga N, Marin P, Martínez C, Molina E, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Rodriguez L, Sanchez MJ, Tormo MJ, Moreno-Iribas C.: Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Spanish EPIC Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec 15;170(12):1518-29. Epub 2009 Nov 10. - 67
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007304.
Buckland G, Agudo A, Luján L, Jakszyn P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, Boeing H, Carneiro F, Krogh V, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Nesi G, Manjer J, Regnér S, Johansson I, Stenling R, Sanchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Allen NE, Key TJ, Bingham S, Kaaks R, Overvad K, Jensen M, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Peeters PH, Numans ME, Ocké MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Morois S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Lund E, Couto E, Boffeta P, Jenab M, Riboli E, Romaguera D, Mouw T, González CA: Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):381-90. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28209. - 68
-
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/djq072v1.
Boffetta et al: Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Overall Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Online 06.04.10. Doi:10.1093/jnci/djq072. - 69
-
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/djq098.
Willett WC.Fruits, Vegetables, and Cancer Prevention: Turmoil in the Produce Section. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print]. Doi:10.1093/jnci/djq098. - 70
-
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7559168/Five-fruit-and-veg-a-day-does-not-significantly-reduce-cancer-risk-research.html.
Five fruit and veg a day does not significantly reduce cancer risk: research. Telegraph.co.uk 07.04.2010. - 71
-
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112222955/ABSTRACT.
Carlos A. González, et al.: Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of stomach and oesophagus adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) (p 2559-2566) Published Online: 27 Dec 2005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21678. - 72
-
Schmid HP, Fischer C, Engeler DS, Bendhack ML, and Schmitz-Draeger BJ:.
Nutritional aspects of primary prostate cancer prevention.
Recent Results Cancer Res, 188:101-7, 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21253792. - 73
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19961915.
Otsuki N, Dang NH, Kumagai E, Kondo A, Iwata S, Morimoto C: Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Feb 17;127(3):760-7. - 74
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20195819.
Van Kiem P, Mai NT, Van Minh C, Khoi NH, Dang NH, Thao NP, Cuong NX, Nam NH, Nhiem NX, Heyden YV, Quetin-Leclercq J, Kim GN, Jang HD, Kim YH: Two new c-glucosyl benzoic acids and flavonoids from Mallotus nanus and their antioxidant activity. Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Feb;33(2):203-8. Epub 2010 Feb 24. - 75
-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786180.
Tistaert C, Dejaegher B, Nguyen HN, Chataigné G, Rivière C, Nguyen TH, Chau VM, Quetin-Leclercq J, Vander Heyden Y: Potential antioxidant compounds in Mallotus species fingerprints. Part I: Indication, using linear multivariate calibration techniques. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Oct 12;652(1-2):189-97. - 76
-
Elfalleh W Tlili N, Nasri N, Yahia Y, Hannachi H, Chaira N, Ying M, and Ferchichi A.
Antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds and tocopherols from tunisian pomegranate (punica granatum) fruits.
Journal of Food Science, 76(5):C707-C713, June/July 2011.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02179.x/abstract. - 77
-
Elfalleh W, Nasri N, Marzougui N, Thabti I, M'rabet A, Yahya Y, Lachiheb B, Guasmi F, and Ferchichi A.
Physico-chemical properties and dpph-abts scavenging activity of some local pomegranate (punica granatum) ecotypes.
Int J Food Sci Nutr, 60(Suppl 2):197-210, 2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629823. - 78
-
Elfalleh W, Ying M, Nasri N, Sheng-Hua H, Guasmi F, and Ferchichi A.
Fatty acids from tunisian and chinese pomegranate (punica granatum l.) seeds.
Int J Food Sci Nutr, 62(3):200-6, 5 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118055. - 79
-
Lansky EP and Newman R.
Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer.
J Ethnopharmacol, 109(2):177-206, 1 2007.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157465. - 80
-
Nasri N, Tlili N, Elfalleh W, Cherif E, Ferchichi A, Khaldi A, and Triki S.
Chemical compounds from phoenician juniper berries (juniperus phoenicea).
Nat Prod Res, 6 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707254. - 81
-
Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Teeter DL, Chen CY, Vanden Heuvel JP, and West SG.
A high antioxidant spice blend attenuates postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses and increases some plasma measures of antioxidant activity in healthy, overweight men.
Journal of Nutrition, 141(8):1451, 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697300. - 82
-
Oude Griep LM, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, and Geleijnse JM.
Colors of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of stroke.
Stroke, 9 2011.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921279. - 83
-
Do R, Xie C, Zhang X, Männistö S, Harald K, and et al.
The effect of chromosome 9p21 variants on cardiovascular disease may be modified by dietary intake: Evidence from a case/control and a prospective study.
PLoS Med, 9(10):e1001106, 2011.
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001106.
See also: Related OurFood News
Copyright © 1998 - 2012 by K. H. Wilm - Impressum